Research & Technical Content

• 1: Research Result Summaries
• 2: Reference Information
• 2.1: Selected Standards and Regulations
• 3: Calculators

1 - Research Result Summaries

2 - Reference Information

2.1 - Selected Standards and Regulations

This chapter lists selected standards and regulations related to live work in alphabetical order by the name of the organization that developed the standard or regulation, and in numerical order within each organization. Descriptions of most listed documents are taken from the respective websites.

ANSI STANDARDS

ANSI C84.1-2011 Electric Power Systems and Equipment — Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz) Establishes nominal voltage ratings and operating tolerances for 60-hertz electric power systems above 100 volts. It includes preferred voltage ratings up to and including 1200 kV maximum system voltage.

NESC C2-2012 edition This Code covers basic provisions for safeguarding of persons from hazards arising from the installation, operation, or maintenance of (1) conductors and equipment in electric supply stations, and (2) overhead and underground electric supply and communication lines. It also includes work rules for the construction, maintenance, and operation of electric supply and communication lines and equipment. The standard is applicable to the systems and equipment operated by utilities, or similar systems and equipment, of an industrial establishment or complex under the control of qualified persons. This standard consists of the introduction, definitions, grounding rules, list of referenced and bibliographic documents, and Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the 2012 Edition of the National Electrical Safety Code.

ANSI Standard A92.2-2009. American National Standards Institute. “VehicleMounted Elevating and Rotating Aerial Platform.” This standard applies to the design, manufacture, testing, inspection, installation, maintenance, use, training, and operation of vehicle-mounted aerial devices.

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-1988 (R2012) – Test Methods for Electrical Power Insulators – Test Methods Comprises a manual of test methods to be followed in making tests to determine the characteristics of electrical power insulators.

ANSI Standard C29.7-2015 – American National Standard for Wet-Process Porcelain Insulators— High-Voltage Line-Post Type Covers materials, dimensions, physical characteristics and testing information for high voltage line post-type insulators made of wet-process porcelain. Covers high-voltage line-type insulators made of wet-process porcelain and used in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy.

ANSI / NEMA Standard C29.11-2012. American National Standards Institute. “Composite Suspension Insulators for Overhead Transmission Lines – Tests.” Comprises a manual of test methods to be followed in making tests to determine the characteristics of composite electrical power insulators, as defined herein.

ANSI/ASSE Z590.3-2011. Prevention through Design Guidelines for Addressing Occupational Hazards and Risks in Design and Redesign Processes Provides guidance on including prevention through design concepts within an occupational safety and health management system. Through the application of these concepts, decisions pertaining to occupational hazards and risks can be incorporated into the process of design and redesign of work premises, tools, equipment, machinery, substances, and work processes including their construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and ultimate disposal or reuse. This standard provides guidance for a life-cycle assessment and design model that balances environmental and occupational safety and health goals over the life span of a facility, process, or product.

ANSI/SIA STANDARDS

ASME B30.5-2011: Mobile and Locomotive Cranes This Standard applies to the construction, installation, operation, inspection, and maintenance of jacks; power-operated cranes, monorails, and crane runways; power-operated and manually operated derricks and hoists; lifting devices, hooks, and slings; and cableways. This Standard does not apply to track and automotive jacks, railway or automobile wrecking cranes, shipboard cranes, shipboard cargo-handling equipment, well-drilling derricks, skip hoists, mine hoists, truck body hoists, car or barge pullers, conveyors, excavating equipment, or equipment falling within the scope of the following Committees: A10, A17, A90, A92, A120, B20, B56, and B77.

ASTM STANDARDS

ASTM D120-14a Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Gloves This specification covers manufacturing and testing of rubber insulating gloves for protection of workers from electrical shock. Two types of gloves are provided and are designated as Type I, nonresistant to ozone, and Type II, resistant to ozone. Six classes of gloves, differing in electrical characteristics, are provided, and are designated as Class 00, Class 0, Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4. The following tests shall be performed: ac proof test; ac breakdown test; ac moisture absorption/proof test; dc proof test; dc breakdown test; ozone resistance test; chemical tests; tensile strength; tear resistance test; and puncture resistance test.

ASTM D1816-12 Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using VDE Electrodes The dielectric breakdown voltage of an insulating liquid is of importance as a measure of the liquid’s ability to withstand electric stress without failure. The dielectric breakdown voltage serves to indicate the presence of contaminating agents such as water, dirt, cellulosic fibers, or conducting particles in the liquid, one or more of which may be present in significant concentrations when low breakdown voltages are obtained. However, a high dielectric breakdown voltage does not necessarily indicate the absence of all contaminants; it may merely indicate that the concentrations of contaminants that are present in the liquid between the electrodes are not large enough to deleteriously affect the average breakdown voltage of the liquid when tested by this test method (see Appendix X1.)

This test method is used in laboratory or field tests. For field breakdown results to be comparable to laboratory results, all criteria including room temperature (20 to 30°C) must be met.

ASTM D4268-93 “Standard Test Methods for Testing Fiber Ropes” The ASTM D 4268-93, entitled “Standard Test Methods for Testing Fiber Ropes”, specifies test methods with procedures to determine diameter and circumference, linear density, breaking force, and elongation of fiber ropes with the exception of those ropes utilizing steel wire. This domestic standard covers some similar requirements as specified in ISO 2307. NOTICE: ASTM D4268-93 was withdrawn in 2002.

ASTM F711-02(2013) Standard Specification for Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Rod and Tube Used in Live Line Tools This specification covers the technical characteristics of and test methods for insulating rods and foam-filled tubes made from fiberglassreinforced plastic (FRP) that are intended for use in live line tools. This specification does not include insulating foam-filled tubes and rods made from other materials, as well as fittings and attachments to the rods and foam-filled tubes for complete tools are not covered in this specification. The rods and tubes shall undergo four types of tests, namely: design test, sample test, routine test, and acceptance test. Tests shall be conducted to evaluate the following mechanical and electrical properties: wicking, bending deflection, horizontal crush, tension, shear, compression, modulus of elasticity, and mechanical aging; and dielectric current and leakage.

ASTM F855-15 Standard Specifications for Temporary Protective Grounds to Be Used on Deenergized Electric Power Lines and Equipment These specifications cover the equipment making up the temporary grounding system used on deenergized electric power lines, electric supply stations, and equipment. These specifications for a system of protective grounding utilizing copper cables are covered in four parts, as follows: clamps, ferrules, cables, and temporary protective grounds. Each of the four parts is an entity of itself, but is listed as a part of the system for completeness and clarification. The clamps shall be subject to design tests for determining mechanical torque strength and electrical short circuit capacity. The ferrules shall be tested for electrical short-circuit capacity and continuous current rating. The elastomer or thermoplastic making up the jacket of the flexible cable shall be tested according to the specified methods.

ASTM F1701-12 Standard Specification for Unused Rope with Special Electrical Properties This specification covers the requirements, sizes, construction, tests, and procedures for unused ropes for use by electrical utilities and related industries on energized lines operating at voltages higher than a certain value. Electrical test shall be performed in order to determine the rope’s electrical conductivity and resistivity to water. Physical properties such as hardness, diameter, breaking strength, elongation, and melt point shall be determined as well. Rope and strands shall be free from kinks, strand knots, and darting yarns or loose ends (inside yarns which project through cover yarns of strand at intervals along the rope).

ASTM F1958/F1958M-12. “Standard Test Method for Determining the Ignitability of Non-Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing by Electric Arc Exposure Method Using Mannequins.”

ASTM F2178-12. “Standard Test Method for Determining the Arc Rating and Standard Specification for Eye or Face Protective Products.”

AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS

Australian Standard (AS) 4142.3 – 1993 / Amdt 1-1996 AS 4142.3, 1993, entitled “Fibre Ropes – Part 3: Man-made Fibre Rope for Static Life Rescue Lines,” specifies design, performance, and marking requirements for man-made fibre ropes of sheath and core construction for use as static life rescue lines by life rescue organizations.

BRITISH STANDARDS

British Standard (BS) 7985:2013 The BS 7985:2013 entitled, “Code of Practice for the Use of Rope Access Methods for Industrial Purposes” gives recommendations and guidance on the use of rope access methods for work at a height. The standard is intended for use by employers, employees and self-employed persons who use rope access methods and those who contract out this type of work.The standard is not intended for emergency personal evacuation systems and other emergency services for rescue work or training.

CANADIAN STANDARDS

CAN/ULC-S801-10 Standard on Electric Utility Workplace Electrical Safety for Generation, Transmission and Distribution This National Standard of Canada applies to the construction, operation, maintenance and replacement of electric utility systems that are used to generate, transform, transmit, distribute and deliver electrical power or energy to consumer services or their equivalent, including the equipment located in easements, rights of way, or in other recognized agreements; equipment located on property owned or leased by the electric utility for the purpose of communication, metering and control of electrical power or energy; service drops or laterals, associated metering, and street lighting under the exclusive control of electric utilities; facilities used to generate electrical power or energy for electric utility systems; and voltage levels up to 800 kV a.c. line-to-line (L-L) and 600 kV d.c.

CA OSHA

CA OSHA — Subchapter 7. General Industry Safety Orders Group 1. General Physical Conditions and Structures Article 4. Access, Work Space, and Work Areas 3270.1, entitled “Use of Rope Access Equipment”, establishes safety requirements for rope access and the use, care and maintenance of rope access equipment as defined in Section 3207.

CENELEC DOCUMENT

CENELEC. 2004. EN 50 110-1. “Operation of Electrical Installations.”

CORDAGE INSTITUTE

Cordage Institute CI 2002-14 Cordage Institute CI 2002, May 2014, entitled “Determination of Cordage Institute Minimum Breaking Strengths”; provides guidelines for use by the Cordage Institute (CI) Technical Committee to determine the Minimum Break Strength (MBS) of various fiber rope products for publication in CI Cordage and Rope Standards. The guidelines are not intended for routine use in testing of rope products for compliance with CI Rope Standards. It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to establish appropriate testing procedures to assure that rope products comply with CI standards.

Cordage Institute CI 1201-14 Cordage Institute CI 1201, May 2014, entitled “Fiber Ropes General Standard”, provides general characteristics and requirements for all fiber cordage and ropes. The standard is intended to be used with all individual CI standards for specific categories of cordage and ropes that include construction, material and physical properties. The standard includes requirements for the sampling, inspection, marking and packaging of fiber cordage and rope.

Cordage Institute CI 1801-07 Cordage Institute CI 1801-07, October 2007, entitled “Low Stretch and Static Kernmantle Life Safety Rope”, provides general characteristics of low stretch Kernmantle ropes used for life safety applications, no matter their constituent material. The standard does not apply to dynamic rope intended for lead climbing.

Cordage Institute CI 1500A-15 Cordage Institute CI 1500A-15, May 2015, entitled “Test Methods for Fiber Rope Physical Properties”, provides general “Test Methods” described in sections 7, 8, and 9 of this standard and are intended for use with the applicable CI Synthetic Fiber Rope Standards to determine rope size, linear density, and uncycled breaking strength. The “Special Test Methods described in sections 10 -14 are not called for in CI Rope Standards. These test methods are recommended for use on marine ropes, for engineering systems, and for other special purposes where applicable.

Cordage Institute CI 1500B-15 Cordage Institute CI 1500B-15, May 2015, entitled “Test Methods for Fiber Rope Performance Properties.”

Cordage Institute CI 1320-06 Cordage Institute CI 1320 06, May 2006, entitled “Multifilament Polypropylene (MFP) Fiber Cord/Rope Solid Braid Construction”, covers solid braid multifilament polypropylene cordage and rope for general utility, marine, industrial, commercial and consumer use.

Cordage Institute CI 1321-06 Cordage Institute CI 1321 – 06, May 2006, entitled “Nylon (Polyamide) Fiber Cord/Rope Solid Braid Construction”, covers solid braid nylon rope for general consumer and commercial use, heavy-duty industrial, marine, and commercial fishing use.

Cordage Institute CI 1322-06 Cordage Institute CI 1322 – 06, May 2006, entitled “Polyester (PET) Fiber Cord/Rope Solid Braid Construction”, covers solid braid polyester rope for general consumer and commercial use, heavy duty industrial, marine, and commercial fishing use.

Cordage Institute CI 1301-07 Cordage Institute CI 1301 – 07, May 2007, entitled “Polypropylene Fiber Rope 3-Strand and 8 Strand Constructions”, covers 3 and 8 strand (plaited) polypropylene rope for general marine, industrial, commercial and consumer use.

Cordage Institute CI 1302A-99 Cordage Institute CI 1302A – 99, April 1999, entitled “Polyester/Polyolefin Fiber Rope 3-Strand Constructions”, covers 3-strand fiber rope of polyester and polyolefin composite constructions for general marine, industrial, commercial and consumer use.

Cordage Institute CI 1303-06 Cordage Institute CI 1303 – 06, October 2006, entitled “Nylon (Polyamide) Fiber Rope 3-Strand and 8-Strand Constructions,” covers 3and 8strand (plaited) nylon rope for general marine, industrial, commercial and consumer use.

Cordage Institute CI 1304-08 Cordage Institute CI 1304 – 08, October 2008, entitled “Polyester (PET) Fiber Rope 3-Strand and 8 Strand Constructions”, covers 3and 8-strand (plaited) polyester rope for general marine, industrial, commercial and consumer use.

Cordage Institute CI 1305-09 Cordage Institute CI 1305 – 09, May 2009, entitled “Polyester (PET) Fiber Rope 12-Strand Single Braid Construction”, covers 12-strand single braided polyester rope for general marine, industrial, commercial and consumer use.

Cordage Institute CI 1308-08 Cordage Institute CI 1308 – 08, October 2008, entitled “Manila Fiber Rope 3 –Strand Laid Construction”, covers 3 strand manila natural fiber rope for general purpose use.

Cordage Institute CI 1309-00 Cordage Institute CI 1309 – 00, March 2000, entitled “Sisal Rope 3 –Strand Construction”, covers 3-strand sisal natural fiber rope for general purpose use.

Cordage Institute CI 1310-09 Cordage Institute CI 1310 – 09, May 2009, entitled “Nylon (Polyamide) Fiber Rope High Performance Double Braid Construction”, covers double braided nylon rope for marine, industrial, commercial and consumer use where higher minimum breaking forces and superior abrasion resistance are required.

Cordage Institute CI 1311-09 Cordage Institute CI 1311 – 09, May 2009, entitled “Polyester (PET) Fiber Rope High Performance Double Braid Construction”, covers double braided polyester rope for marine, industrial, commercial and consumer use where higher minimum breaking forces and superior abrasion resistance are required.

Cordage Institute CI 1312-09 Cordage Institute CI 1312 – 09, May 2009, entitled “Nylon (Polyamide) Fiber Rope, 12-Strand Single Braid Construction”, covers 12-strand, single braided nylon rope for general, industrial, commercial and consumer use.

Cordage Institute CI 2001-04 Cordage Institute CI 2001 – 04, First Edition, entitled “Fiber Rope Inspection and Retirement Criteria”, provides information and procedures to inspect ropes and to establish criteria for evaluation. The guideline is intended to provide inspectors with help to make reasonable decisions regarding retirement or continued use, including repairing or downgrading.

HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE

Health and Safety Executive (HSE) MISC612 This document provides window cleaners guidance on the use of rope access methods and controlling risks.

IEC PUBLICATIONS

IEC 60383-1 ed 4.0: Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1000 V — Part 1: Ceramic or glass insulator units for a.c. systems— Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria Publication date 1993-04-26 Applies to insulators of ceramic material or glass for use on a.c. overhead power lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V and a frequency not greater than 100 Hz. Also applies to insulators for use on d.c. overhead electric traction lines and applies to string insulator units, rigid overhead line insulators and to insulators of similar design when used in substations.

IEC 60793-1-1 ed 3.0: Optical fibres — Part 1-1: Measurement methods and test procedures— General and guidance Publication date 2008-04-09

IEC 60793-1-1:2008(E) provides a list, and gives an overview of the documents giving the uniform requirements for measuring and testing optical fibres, thereby assisting in the inspection of fibres and cables for commercial (mostly telecommunications) purposes.

IEC Publication 60793-2-10. “Optical fibers—Part 2-10: Product specifications—Sectional specification for category A1 multimode fibers.”

IEC Publication 60793-2-50. “Optical fibers—Part 2-50: Product specifications—Sectional specification for Class B single-mode fibers.”

IEC/TS 60815-1 ed 1.0: Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions — Part 1: Definitions, information and general principles Publication date 2008-10-28

***IEC/TS 80815-1:2008(E)***applies to the selection of insulators, and the determination of their relevant dimensions, to be used in high-voltage systems with respect to pollution. This part of IEC 60815 gives general definitions methods for the evaluation of pollution site severity (SPS) and outlines the principles to arrive at an informed judgement on the probable behavior of a given insulator in certain pollution environments. This first edition of IEC/TS 60815-1 cancels and replaces IEC/TR 60815, which was issued as a technical report in 1986.

IEC Publication 60815. “Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions Part 2: Ceramic and glass insulators for a.c. systems: Definitions, information and general principles.”

IEC Publication 60815. “Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions Part 3: Polymer insulators for a.c. systems.”

IEC 60832-1 ed 1.0 Live working — Insulating sticks and attachable devices — Part 1: Insulating sticks Publication date 2010-02-11

IEC 60832-1:2010 gives the essential requirements for insulating sticks for live working for use on a.c. electrical installations. The products designed and manufactured according to this standard contribute to the safety of the users, provided they are used by skilled persons, in accordance with safe methods of work and the instructions for use. IEC 60832-1:2010 and IEC 60832-2:2010 cancel and replace the first edition of IEC 60832 published in 1988. The two parts have been created to clearly separate the requirements and testing of insulating sticks from those of attachable devices.

IEC 60855-1 ed 1.0: Live working — Insulating foam-filled tubes and solid rods — Part 1: Tubes and rods of a circular cross-sectionPublication date 2009-10-27

IEC 60855-1:2009 is applicable to insulating foam filled tubes and solid rods, of a circular cross-section, made of synthetic materials and intended to be used for the manufacture and construction of tools and equipment for carrying out live work on electrical systems operating at voltages above 1 kV. Tubes and rods of cross-section other than circular are not covered by this part of IEC 60855. This first edition of IEC 60855-1 cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 60855 published in 1985; and constitutes a technical revision. Technical committee 78 is considering the preparation of IEC 60855-2, which would cover tubes and rods of cross-section other than circular.

IEC 60895 ed 2.0: Live working — Conductive clothing for use at nominal voltage up to 800 kV a.c. and +/600 kV d.c. Publication date 2002-08-22 Applicable to conductive clothing, either assembled from component parts or forming a single complete clothing, worn by (electrically) skilled persons during live working (especially bare-hand working) at a nominal power system voltage up to 800 kV a.c. and ±600 kV d.c. It is applicable to conductive jackets, trousers, coveralls (one-piece clothing), gloves or mitts, hoods, shoes, overshoe socks and socks. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are listed below: the scope has been extended to cover the use of conductive clothing to ±600 kV d.c.; revision of the electrical resistance requirements of the fabrics used in conductive clothing, revision of the testing procedures for complete clothing. The contents of the corrigendum of February 2003 have been included in this copy.

IEC 61057 ed 1.0 Aerial devices with insulating boom used for live working Publication date 1991-06-25 Applies to aerial devices (mobile elevating work platforms (MEWP)), with or without the possibility of an additional jib, as a minimum with an insulating upper boom (extending structure) used for live working on the rated voltage, which is between 1 kV [sic] r.m.s. and 800 kV r.m.s., at power frequency. The contents of the corrigendum of July 1999 have been included in this copy.

IEC 61219 ed1.0: Live working — Earthing or earthing and short-circuiting equipment using lances as a short-circuiting device — Lance earthing Publication date 1993-10-15 Applies to equipment for temporary earthing or earthing and short-circuiting of electrically isolated parts of a.c. installations, the disconnection of which has been verified, for the protection of workers while work is in progress using lance(s) as the earthing or earthing and short-circuiting device. Specifies the performance [sic] and safety requirements and tests for lance devices with matching fixed contacts, guiding arrangements, enclosure, insulating elements, and earthing cables, if any. For devices containing short-circuiting cables see IEC 61230. The contents of the corrigendum of May 2000 have been included in this copy.

IEC Publication 61230 Edition 2.0 (2008-07-09). “Live working — Portable equipment for earthing or earthing and short-circuiting” Applicable to portable equipment, with or without matching connection points, for temporary earthing or earthing and short-circuiting of electrically isolated or de-energized a.c. and d.c. installations, distribution and transmission networks, whether they are overhead or underground or of low or high voltage. This standard covers equipment comprising an earthing or a short-circuiting or an earthing and short-circuiting device and insulating component. The performance of equipment, devices and components covered by this standard is based on electro-dynamic and electro-thermal effects acting during short-circuit. The withstand capability of the devices and equipment is expressed by their rated values of current, time and peak factor. No rated voltage is given, but the geometrical dimensions of the equipment are also linked to the voltage of the installation. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1993. It constitutes a technical revision. The major changes are:

• Extension of the scope to cover the use of equipment on d.c. installations.
• Extension of the use of aluminum to all conductive parts of the device.
• Possibility of using this standard for separate components of the equipment.
• General revision of requirements and tests.
• Revision of existing annexes.
• Introduction of a new informative Annex D giving guidelines for determination of the equivalent r.m.s. value of a short-circuit current and of a new normative Annex F on classification of defects.
  
  

IEC 61235 ed 1.0: Live working — Insulating hollow tubes for electrical purposes Publication date 1993-09-06 Applies to insulating hollow tubes made of synthetic materials and intended for tools and equipment for work on systems operating at voltages above 1 kV. The contents of the corrigenda of July 1999 and May 2000 have been included in this copy.

IEC/TR 61328 ed 2.0: Live working — Guidelines for the installation of transmission line conductors and earthwires — Stringing equipment and accessory items Publication date 2003-03-12 This Technical Report provides recommendations for the selection and testing, where necessary, of conductor stringing equipment and accessory items used for the installation of overhead conductors and overhead earthwires. Procedures are recommended for proper earthing in order to protect equipment, components, and personnel from the induced or fault currents which can result in some circumstances. The equipment under consideration in this Technical Report is used for transmission voltages, which are usually considered to be 100 kV and above, but may be as low as 60 kV. Many of the requirements and tests stated apply also to equipment used in distribution systems with less than 100 kV.

IEC 61472 ed 2.0: Live working — Minimum approach distances for a.c. systems in the voltage range 72,5 kV to 800 kV — A method of calculation Publication date 2004-07-15 - Describes a method for calculating the minimum approach distances for live working, at maximum voltages between 72,5 kV and 800 kV. This standard addresses system overvoltages, and the working air distances between parts and/or workers at different potentials. The required withstand voltage and minimum approach distances calculated by the method described in this standard are evaluated taking into consideration the following: workers are trained for, and skilled in, working in the live working zone; the anticipated overvoltages do not exceed the value selected for the determination of the required minimum approach distance; transient overvoltages are the determining overvoltages; tool insulation has no continuous film of moisture present on the surface; no lightning is seen or heard within 10 km of the work site; allowance is made for the effect of conducting components of tools; the effect of altitude on the electric strength is taken into consideration. For conditions other than the above, the evaluation of the minimum approach distances may require specific data, derived by other calculation or obtained from additional laboratory investigations on the actual situation. The contents of the corrigenda of May 2005 and November 2006 have been included in this copy.

IEC 61482-1-1 ed 1.0 Live working — Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc — Part 1-1: Test methods — Method 1: Determination of the arc rating (ATPV or EBT50) of flame resistant materials for clothing Publication date 2009-05-27 - IEC 61482-1-1:2009 specifies test methods to measure the arc thermal performance value of materials intended for use in heat and flame-resistant clothing for workers exposed to the thermal effects of electric arcs and the function of garments using these materials. These test methods measure the arc thermal performance value of materials which meet the following requirements: less than 100 mm char length and less than 2 s after flame after removal from flame, when tested in accordance with ISO 15025, procedure B (bottom-edge ignition) on the outer material, and the char length measured using a modified ISO method as described in Annex A. These methods are used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, assemblies or garments, in response to convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arc in open air under controlled laboratory conditions. The materials used in these methods are in the form of flat specimens for method A and garments for method B. Method A is used to determine the arc rating of materials and material assemblies when tested in a flat configuration. Method B is used to measure garment response, not arc rating, to an arc exposure including all the garment findings, sewing thread, fastenings, fabrics and other accessories when tested on a male mannequin torso. Method B is also used for accident replication.

IEC 61482-1-2:2014. Live working Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc Part 1-2: Test methods Method 2: Determination of arc protection class of material and clothing by using a constrained and directed arc. Specifies procedures to test material and garments intended for use in heat and flame-resistant clothing for workers if there is an electric arc hazard. A directed and constrained electric arc in a test circuit is used to classify material and clothing in two defined arc protection classes. This International Standard is not dedicated toward measuring the arc rating values (ATPV, ELIM, or EBT). Procedures determining these arc rating values are prescribed in IEC 61482-1-1, using an open arc for testing. Other effects than the thermal effects of an electric arc like noise, light emissions, pressure rise, hot oil, electric shock, the consequences of physical and mental shock or toxic influences are not covered by this standard. Protective clothing for work intentionally using an electric arc, e.g. arc welding, plasma torch, is not covered by this standard. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2007. This edition constitutes a technical revision which includes the following significant technical changes with regard to the previous edition:

• New mean values of main control parameters arc energy and incident energy based on an extended statistical database consisting of parameter values measured in four laboratories;
• Reduction of validity check ranges of main control parameters.
• Determination of the incident energy by averaging the two sensor values of a test (instead of considering each single sensor value).
• Determination of the heat curves of transmitted incident energy and an amendment to the heat flux acceptance criterion.
• Clarification of the scope.
• Selection of the arc protection classes (test classes) by the amount of the arc energy and incident energy instead of the short-circuit current.
  
  

IEC 61865 ed1.0: Overhead lines — Calculation of the electrical component of distance between live parts and obstacles — Method of calculation Publication date 2001-07-04 - This International Standard describes a method for calculating the minimum approach distances for live working, at maximum voltages between 72,6 kV and 800 kV. This standard addresses system overvoltages, and the working air distances between parts and/ or workers at different potentials.

IEC/TR 61911 ed 2.0: Live working — Guidelines for installation of distribution line conductors — Stringing equipment and accessory items Publication date 2003-02-25- This Technical Report provides recommendations for the selection and testing, where necessary, of conductor-stringing equipment and accessory items used for the installation of bare and insulated overhead distribution conductors. Procedures are recommended for proper earthing in order to protect equipment, components, and personnel from currents which can result from accidental contact with nearby energized conductors, or induced voltage from adjacent energized lines, lightning strikes, switching errors or electrostatic charging. The equipment under consideration in this Technical Report is used for distribution voltages, usually considered to be below 50 kV. However, for voltages of 50 kV and above, use of IEC 61328 may be more appropriate. The choice of whether IEC 61328 or this Technical Report applies to the work being considered will usually depend on the physical size of the conductors, the size of the structures and the average span between supports.

IEC TS 62073:2016: Guidance on the measurement of hydrophobicity of insulator surfaces. Publication date 2003-06-24 - IEC TS 62073:2016(E) specifies the measurement of the hydrophobicity of the shed and housing material of composite insulators for overhead lines, substations and equipment or ceramic insulators covered or not covered by a coating. The obtained value represents the hydrophobicity at the time of the measurement. The object of this technical specification is to describe three methods that can be used to determine the hydrophobicity of insulators. The determination of the ability of water to wet the surface of insulators may be useful to evaluate the condition of the surface of insulators in service, or as part of the insulator testing in the laboratory. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2003. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:

• Changed wettability to hydrophobicity throughout the document.
• Redefined the criteria for the determination of hydrophobicity class in paragraph 3.4.

IEC 62192 ed1.0: Live working — Insulating ropes Publication date 2009-02-20 - IEC 62192:2009 covers insulating ropes that are utilized during live working procedures in contact with parts of installations operating at voltages up to and including 800 kV r.m.s. Insulating ropes for live working procedure under rain and/or d.c. conditions are not covered by this standard.
As with any standard, not all safety factors pertaining to the use of the insulating rope are addressed. The standard notes that ropes coming into contact with energized conductors should be insulating. Ropes used to move tools or other pieces of equipment which are clear of energized parts may be non-insulating. Ultimately, it is the user’s responsibility to establish appropriate safety practices.

Ropes following this standard can bridge two or more live phase conductors, or one phase conductor and earth as required during live line working. The standard notes that effects of the use of insulating ropes on the dielectric strength of the insulat ion have to be de termined. Furt her, that depending on the configuration of an installation, the insulating rope will have different effects on its dielectric strength.

Certain types of rope are not suitable for live working application such as cotton, sisal, hemp, and others that show signs of electrical conductivity. Live working conditions typically require ropes formed from fibers which have been treated with a wax or other chemicals causing the surface of the rope to become hydrophobic. The standard does not cover insulating ropes for live working procedure under rain and/ or d. c. conditions.

IEC/TR 62263 ed 1.0: Live working — Guidelines for the installation and maintenance of optical fibre cables on overhead power lines
Publication date 2005-12-13 - This Technical Report covers procedures for the installation and maintenance of optical fibre cables on overhead power lines. This includes: optical ground wire (OPGW) fibre cable; optical phase conductor (OPPC) fibre cable; optical attached fibre cable (OPAC); all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) optical fibre cable. Optical fibre cables are considered for single and multi-circuit constructions in common use within some countries. The primary concern is the necessary precautions to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment when installing or maintaining these types of optical fibre cable on overhead power lines.

IEEE STANDARDS

IEEE Std 4-2013: IEEE Standard for High Voltage Testing Techniques. Standard methods and basic techniques for high voltage testing applicable to all types of apparatus for alternating voltages, direct voltages, lightning impulse voltages, switching impulse voltages, and impulse currents are established in this standard. Sections that deal with alternating voltage, direct voltage, and impulse testing are combined in this revision to organize the technical content for ease of use. In addition, the concept of measurement uncertainty in evaluation of high-voltage and high current tests is introduced in this version. (Supersedes IEEE Std 4-1995.)

IEEE Std 100 -2009a. IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms and Definitions. CD-ROM: ISBN 973-0-7381-2601-2 STDSP1155

IEEE Std 516-2009: IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines General recommendations for performing maintenance work on energized power lines are provided. Technical explanations as required to cover certain laboratory testing of tools and equipment, field maintenance, and care of tools and equipment, and work methods for the maintenance of energized lines and for persons working in the vicinity of energized lines are included.

IEEE Std 524-2003: IEEE Guide to the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors General recommendations for the selection of methods, equipment, and tools that have been found to be practical for the stringing of overhead transmission line conductors and overhead ground wires are provided.

IEEE Std 539-2005 – “IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Corona and Field Effects of Overhead Power Lines.” The purpose of this standard is to achieve uniformity in the use of terms relating to the areas of corona and the electromagnetic environment of power lines. The standard defines the most widely used terms specific to or associated with overhead power line corona and fields.

IEEE Std 957-2005: IEEE Guide for Cleaning Insulators (Revision of IEEE Std 957-1995) Procedures for cleaning contaminated electrical insulators (excluding nuclear, toxic, and hazardous chemical contaminants) of all types, using various equipment and techniques, are provided.

IEEE Std 1048-2016: IEEE Approved Draft Guide for Protective Grounding of Power Lines This document is intended to provide guidance for protective grounding in jobsites during de-energized maintenance of power lines. The primary purpose of protective grounding is to limit the voltage differences between any two accessible points at the worksite to an acceptable value. As an IEEE guide, the purpose of this document is to suggest approaches for protective grounding. This guide does not have mandatory requirements. Following the suggestions in this guide helps to mitigate risks, and users should take all reasonable steps necessary to minimize risks during de-energized maintenance of power lines.

The primary purpose of protective groundings is to limit the voltage difference between any two accessible points at the worksite to a safe value. This guide aims to provide guidelines for safe protective grounding methods for persons engaged in deenergized overhead transmission and distribution line maintenance.

IEEE Std 1067-2012: IEEE Guide for In-Service Use, Care, Maintenance, and Testing of Conductive Clothing for Use on Voltages up to 765 kV AC and +/-750 kV DC General recommendations for the in-service care, maintenance, and testing of the conductive clothing worn by workers to perform work in high-voltage fields are presented.

IEEE Std 1138-2009: IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines (Revision of IEEE Std 1138-1994) The performance, test requirements, procedures, and acceptance criteria for a transmission line overhead ground wire (a.k.a. shield wire, static wire, earth wire, skywire) with optical fibers commonly known as optical ground wire (OPGW) are covered. Functional requirements, such as electrical, mechanical, optical fiber, environmental, and packaging, and test requirements related to design, installation, in-service, and maintenance, including routine tests, are covered.

IEEE Std 1307-2004: IEEE Standard for Fall Protection for Utility Work General recommendations for fall protection and worker protection are provided. Sufficient details of the methods, equipment, and training requirements necessary to provide minimal risk procedures for personnel working at elevated worksites are presented.

IEEE Std 1584-2002 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations This guide provides techniques for designers and facility operators to apply in determining the arcflash hazard distance and the incident energy to which employees could be exposed during their work on or near electrical equipment.

IEEE Std 1654-2009: IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures Information on establishing an effective safety program to ensure compliance with the applicable regulations for radio frequency (RF) protection of electrical workers in the vicinity of wireless communication antennas adjacent or attached to electrical power line structures is presented. The guide also provides information on power-frequency electric and magnetic field immunity of RF personal monitors and RF protective clothing.

IEEE Std 1724-2011: IEEE Guide for the Preparation of a Transmission Line Design Criteria Documents A suggested outline for information that should be included in a design criteria for overhead transmission lines is presented in this guide. This guide is not a design criteria or a design manual, it is a listing of the information that is required during the design of a transmission line, and provides guidance for line designers in the collection and documentation of how the line was designed; including the sources of information used in design and the design approach used.

ISO PUBLICATIONS

ISO 16368:2010 Mobile elevating work platforms — Design, calculations, safety requirements and test methods ISO 16368:2010 specifies safety requirements and preventive measures, and the means for their verification, for all types and sizes of mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs) intended for moving persons to working positions. It gives the structural design calculations and stability criteria, construction, safety examinations, and security tests to be applied before a MEWP is first put into service, identifies the hazards arising from the use of MEWPs and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of those hazards.

ISSA BROCHURE

ISSA. 2011. International Social Security Association. “Guideline for the selection of personal protective equipment when exposed to the thermal effects of an electric fault arc.”

NERC STANDARDS

NERC FAC-003-3 Transmission Vegetation Management To maintain a reliable electric transmission system by using a defense-in-depth strategy to manage vegetation located on transmission rights of way (ROW) and minimize encroachments from vegetation located adjacent to the ROW, thus preventing the risk of those vegetation related outages that could lead to Cascading.

NFPA STANDARDS

NFPA 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace NFPA 70E requirements for safe work practices protect personnel by reducing exposure to major electrical hazards. Originally developed at OSHA’s request, NFPA 70E helps companies and employees avoid workplace injuries and fatalities due to shock, electrocution, arc flash, and arc blast, and assists in complying with OSHA 1910 Subpart S and OSHA 1926 Subpart K.

NFPA 1006, 2013 Edition “Standard for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications” NFPA 1006, 2013 Edition, entitled “Standard for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications”, establishes the minimum job performance requirements (JPRs) necessary for fire service and other emergency response personnel who perform technical rescue operations. The purpose of this standard is to specify the minimum job performance requirements for service as a rescuer in an emergency response organization. It is not the intent of this standard to restrict any jurisdiction from exceeding these minimum requirements.

NFPA 1670, 2014 Edition “Standard on Operation and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents” NFPA 1670, 2014 Edition, entitled “Standard on Operation and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents”, identifies and establishes levels of functional capability for conducting operations at technical search and rescue incidents while minimizing threats to rescuers. The requirements of the standard apply to organizations that provide response to technical search and rescue incidents including those not regulated by governmental mandates.

NFPA 1983, 2012 Edition “Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services” NFPA 1983, 2012 Edition, entitled “Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services”, specifies minimum design, performance, testing, and certifications requirements for life safety rope, escape rope, water rescue throwlines, life safety harnesses, belts, and auxiliary equipment for emergency services personnel. In addition, the standard specifies requirements for new life safety rope, escape rope, water rescue throwlines, life safety harnesses, belts, and auxiliary equipment. The standard does not specify requirements for any utility rope.

OSHA

OSHA Part 1910. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Federal Register 29CFR, Part 1910. “Occupational Safety and Health Standards.” U. S. Department of Labor.

OSHA Part 1910.147. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Federal Register 29CFR, Part 1910.147. “Control of Hazardous Energy Source (Lockout/Tagout).” U. S. Department of Labor.

OSHA. Part 1910.269. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Federal Register 29CFR, Part 1910. “Occupational Safety and Health Standards.” U. S. Department of Labor.

OSHA Part 1910.333. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Federal Register 29CFR, Part 1910.147. “Safety-Related Work Practices.” U. S. Department of Labor.

OSHA Part 1926. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Federal Register 29CFR, Part 1926. “Safety and Health Regulations for Construction.” U. S. Department of Labor.

OSHA Part 1928. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Federal Register 29CFR, Part 1928. “Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Agriculture.” U. S. Department of Labor.

SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL ROPE ACCESS TECHNICIANS

Safe Practices for Rope Access Work, 2012 The publication, entitled “Safe Practices for Rope Access Work”, August 2, 2012 edition, prepared by the Society of Professional Rope Access Technicians provides information and guidance on acceptable practices and procedures to protect employees from the hazards associated with rope access work methods when working at height.

SWEDISH TRANSMISSION RESEARCH INSTITUTE (STRI)

STRI. 1992. Swedish Transmission Research Institute. Hydrophobicity Classification Guide. STRI Guide 92/1. Ludvika, Sweden.

UNION INTERNATIONALE DES ASSOCIATIONS D’ALPINISME (UIAA)

Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA) 101 UIAA 101, July 2004, entitled “Mountaineering and Climbing Equipment – Dynamic Ropes”, provides information on the UIAA label requirements for dynamic ropes.

Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA) 102 UIAA 102, January 2004, entitled “Mountaineering and Climbing Equipment – Accessory Cord”, provides information on the UIAA label requirements for accessory cord.

Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA) 104 UIAA 104, January 2004, entitled “Mountaineering and Climbing Equipment – Slings,” provides information on the UIAA label requirements for slings.

Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA) 105 UIAA 105, January 2004, entitled “Mountaineering and Climbing Equipment – Harnesses”, provides information on the UIAA label requirements for harnesses.

Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA) 107 UIAA 107, January 2004, entitled “Mountaineering and Climbing Equipment – Low Stretch Ropes”, provides information on the UIAA label requirements for low stretch ropes.

Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA) 108 UIAA 108, January 2004, entitled “Mountaineering and Climbing Equipment – Sharp Edge Resistant Dynamic Ropes,” provides information on the UIAA label requirements for sharp edge resistant dynamic ropes.

NOTICE: UIAA Safety Standard 108 suspended as of July 1, 2004

3 - Calculators